Efeitos Agudos da Bebida Energética sobre Parâmetros Autonômicos e Cardiovasculares em Indivíduos com Diferentes Capacidades Cardiorrespiratórias: Um Ensaio Controlado, Randomizado, Crossover e Duplo Cego / Acute Effects of Energy Drink on Autonomic and Cardiovascular Parameters Recovery in Individuals with Different Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Trial

Resumo Fundamento Tem-se sugerido que o consumo de bebidas energéticas (BEs) possa afetar a atividade cardiovascular. Objetivos Investigar os efeitos agudos da ingestão de BE sobre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) recuperação cardiovascular após exercício aeróbico moderado em homens de diferentes capacidades cardiorrespiratórias. Métodos Este é um estudo randomizado, duplo cego, crossover, controlado por placebo. Vinte e oito jovens adultos foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o pico de consumo de oxigênio (pico de VO2): (1) pico de VO2 alto (AO) - pico de VO2 > 52,15 mL/Kg/min, e (2) pico de VO2 baixo (BO) - pico de VO2 <52,15 mL/Kg/min. Os indivíduos de ambos os grupos foram submetidos a dois protocolos de exercícios em ordem aleatória: exercício moderado aeróbico (60% de pico de VO2) após a ingestão de 250 mL de água (protocolo placebo) ou 250 mL de BE (protocolo BE). Durante os testes de exercício, foram registrados valores de parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e de VFC. Resultados Foram observadas diferenças significativas para o índice de LF (unidades normalizadas) entre "repouso" e "Rec1" nos grupos de AO e BO durante o protocolo BE. Para a razão LF/HF, foram observadas diferenças significativas entre "repouso" e Rec1 nos grupos AO e BO nos protocolos BE. Conclusão A ingestão aguda de BE retardou a recuperação da frequência cardíaca após o exercício em indivíduos com capacidade cardiorrespiratória baixa e indivíduos com capacidade cardiorrespiratória alta.

Abstract Background It has been suggested that the consumption of energy drinks (ED) may affect cardiovascular activity. Objectives to investigate the acute effects of ED intake on heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiovascular recovery after moderate aerobic exercise in males with different cardiorespiratory capacities. Methods This is a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Twenty-eight young adults were split into two groups according to their peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) values: (1) High VO2 peak (HO) - VO2 peak > 52.15 mL/kg/min, and (2) low VO2 peak (LO) - peak VO2 <52.15 mL/kg/min. Subjects of both groups underwent two exercise protocols in randomized order: moderate aerobic exercise (60% of VO2peak) following the intake of 250 mL of water (placebo protocol) or 250 mL of ED (ED protocol). During the exercise tests, values of cardiorespiratory and HRV parameters were recorded. Results Significant differences were observed for the LF (normalized units) index between rest and Rec1 in HO energy and LO groups during the ED protocol. For the LF/HF ratio, significant differences were seen between rest and Rec1 in HO and LO during ED protocols. Conclusion Acute ED intake delayed heart rate recovery after exercise in subjects with low and high cardiorespiratory fitness.

Consumo de bebidas alcoólicas em binge na adolescência precoce: um estudo transversal / Binge drinking in early adoelscence: a cross-sectional stdudy

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a prevalência do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas em binge na adolescência precoce e sua associação com o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas, religiosidade e o capital social. Trata- se de um estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes de 10 a 13 anos de idade matriculados em escolas públicas de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. A amostragem foi do tipo aleatória estratificada proporcional por distrito administrativo e por ano letivo. Para selecionar os alunos, foi feito o sorteio das escolas por regional e todos os alunos elegíveis foram convidados a participar. Um total de 650 adolescentes participou do estudo. Os adolescentes preencheram o Teste de Identificação de Transtornos por Uso de Álcool (AUDIT-C), perguntas sobre consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas, consumo de álcool em binge pelos pais e melhor amigo, perguntas sobre a religiosidade e o questionário capital social para adolescentes (QCS-AE). Um formulário referente às questões socioeconômicas foi respondido pelos pais. Foi realizada análise descritiva, regressão logística univariada e múltipla (p <0,05). Os resultados foram apresentados na forma de três artigos. O primeiro artigo abordou a associação entre consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas e o binge drinking, o segundo artigo, a associação entre a religiosidade e o binge drinking e o terceiro artigo a associação entre capital social e binge drinking. A prevalência do binge drinking foi de 13,7%. No modelo ajustado, o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas (OR: 6,13; IC 95%: 3,81- 11,83; p< 0,001), binge drinking pela mãe (OR: 2,88; IC 95%: 1,59-5,24; p< 0,001), binge drinking pelo melhor amigo (OR: 4,28; IC 95%: 2,35-7,79; p< 0,001) e família não nuclear (OR: 1,89; IC 95%: 1,03- 3,48; p= 0,039) estiveram associadas ao desfecho. A religiosidade não esteve associada ao binge drinking. As covariáveis associadas foram à idade de 12-13 anos (OR: 1,94; IC 95%: 1,06-3,56; p= 0,030), binge drinking pela mãe (OR: 3,07; IC 95%: 1,73-5,46; p < 0,001); binge drinking pelo melhor amigo (OR: 6,01; IC 95%: 3,40-10,62; p< 0,001) e família não nuclear (OR: 1,80; IC 95%: 1,01-3,23; p= 0,045). A alta coesão social na escola (OR: 0,41; IC 95%: 0.20-0.0,83; p=0,024), a alta rede de amigos (OR:1,02; IC 95%: 0.20-0,83; p= 0.013); binge drinking pelo melhor amigo (OR: 6,21; IC 95%: 3,43-11,23; p<0,001); binge drinking pela mãe (OR: 3.26; IC: 1,80-5,89; p<0,001) e a menor escolaridade materna (OR: 2,69; IC 95%: 1,52-4,76; p=0,001) estiveram associadas ao desfecho. Concluiu-se que o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas misturadas com bebidas energéticas, a idade de 12-13 anos, o consumo em binge pela mãe e melhor amigo, a menor escolaridade materna, família não nuclear e a alta rede de amigos foram fatores associados ao binge drinking. A alta coesão na escola foi um possível fator de proteção e a religiosidade não esteve associada ao binge drinking na adolescência precoce.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of binge drinking in early adolescence and its association with the consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks, religiosity and social capital. This is a cross-sectional study carried out with adolescents aged 10 to 13 years old enrolled in public schools in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The random stratified sampling was performed, proportionally by administrative district and by school year. To select students, schools were randomly selected by region and all eligible students were invited to participate. A total of 650 adolescents participated in the study. Adolescents completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C), questions about drinking alcohol mixed with energy drinks, binge drinking by parents and best friend, questions about religiosity, and the social capital questionnaire for adolescents (QSC- AE). A form regarding socioeconomic issues was answered by the parents. Descriptive analysis, univariate and multiple logistic regression (p <0.05) were performed. The results were presented in the form of three articles. The first article addressed the association between the consumption of alcoholic beverages mixed with energy drinks and binge drinking, the second article the association between religiosity and binge drinking and the third article the association between social capital and binge drinking. The prevalence of binge drinking was 13.7%. In the adjusted model, consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (OR: 6.13; 95% CI: 3.81-11.83; p< 0.001), binge drinking by the mother (OR: 2.88; CI 95 %: 1.59-5.24; p< 0.001), binge drinking by the best friend (OR: 4.28; 95% CI: 2.35-7.79; p< 0.001) and non-nuclear family (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.03-3.48; p= 0.039) were associated with the outcome. Religiosity was not associated with binge drinking. The associated covariates were age 12-13 years (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.06-3.56; p= 0.030), binge drinking by the mother (OR: 3.07; 95% CI: 1.73-5.46; p < 0.001); binge drinking by best friend (OR: 6.01; 95% CI: 3.40-10.62; p< 0.001) and non-nuclear family (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.01-3.23 ; p=0.045). High social cohesion at school (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.20-0.0.83; p=0.024), high network of friends (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.20-0.83; p=0.013); binge drinking by best friend (OR: 6.21; 95% CI: 3.43-11.23; p<0.001); binge drinking by the mother (OR: 3.26; 95% CI: 1.80-5.89; p<0.001) and lower maternal education (OR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.52-4.76; p=0.001 ) were associated with the outcome. It was concluded that the consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks, the age of 12-13 years, binge drinking by the mother and best friend, lower maternal education, non-nuclear family and high network of friends were factors associated with binge drinking. High school cohesion was a possible protective factor and religiosity was not associated with binge drinking in early adolescence.

Uso de bebidas energizantes y síntomas de insomnio en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad peruana / Use of energy drinks and insomnia symptoms in medical students from a Peruvian university

OBJETIVO: Determinar la asociación entre el consumo de bebidas energizantes y síntomas de insomnio en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad en Lima, Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: El tipo de estudio realizado es transversal analítico. La población objetivo fueron los estudiantes de medicina de una universidad peruana ubicada en Lima sur de segundo y quinto año. Hubo 289 participantes en el estudio. Se utilizó una encuesta compuesta por un cuestionario sobre el consumo de bebidas energizantes y el Insomnia Severity Index, del cual se determinó un punto de corte de 15 para considerar la presencia de síntomas de insomnio. El análisis multivariado crudo y ajustado se realizó usando la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta ajustado para sexo, edad, consumo de café, y antecedente de ansiedad y depresión, para obtener el PR (Razón de Prevalencias) con un intervalo de confianza de 95%. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: La prevalencia de síntomas de insomnio en la muestra estudiada fue de 21,80%, mientras que la de consumo de bebidas energizantes fue de 39,45%. Se encontró asociación significativa (p=0,008) entre el consumo de este tipo de bebidas y la presencia de síntomas de insomnio. Además, se encontró que los estudiantes que consumen bebidas energizantes tuvieron 1,78 veces más probabilidad de presentar síntomas de insomnio (IC95%: 1,13-2,82), en comparación con los que no consumieron bebidas energizantes (p=0,013). CONCLUSIONES: Existe asociación entre el consumo de bebidas energizantes y síntomas de insomnio.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the consumption of energy drinks and symptoms of insomnia in medical students of a university in Lima, Peru. Materials and METHODS: This study is cross-sectional analytical. The target population was the second-and fifth-year medical students of a private Peruvian university in southern Lima. There were 289 participants in this study. For this study, a survey composed of a questionnaire about the consumption of energy drinks and the Insomnia Severity Index were used, from which a cut-off point of 15 was determined to consider the presence of insomnia symptoms. The multivariate crude and adjusted analysis were done with Poisson regression with robust variance adjusted for sex, age, coffee consumption, previous diagnosis of depression and previous diagnosis of anxiety; to calculate the PR (Prevalence Ratio) with a 95% CI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The prevalence of insomnia symptoms in the sample studied was 21,80%, while the consumption of energy drinks was 39,45%. A significant association was found (p = 0.008) between the consumption of this type of drinks and the presence of insomnia symptoms. In addition, it was found that students who consumed energy drinks were 1,78 times more likely to have symptoms of insomnia (95% CI: 1,13-2,82), compared to those who did not consume energy drinks (p=<0,013). CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between the consumption of energy drinks and symptoms of insomnia.

Efectos del consumo de café sobre la salud / Effects of coffee consumption on health

RESUMEN El café es uno de los productos comerciales más importantes, y el 70-80 % de la población mundial lo consume. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, con el objetivo de describir los efectos del consumo de café sobre la salud. Para ello, se localizaron y consultaron artículos científicos accesibles en las bases de datos Pubmed y SciELO. Se utilizaron preferentemente artículos originales, revisiones bibliográficas, revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis y ensayos clínicos publicados en los últimos cinco años. El consumo de café se ha asociado con un menor riesgo de varias enfermedades crónicas. Las evidencias actuales no justifican recomendar la ingesta de café para la prevención de enfermedades, pero sugieren que en adultos sin problemas de salud específicos, y en mujeres no embarazadas, su consumo moderado puede formar parte de un estilo de vida saludable.

ABSTRACT Coffee is one of the most important commercial products, and 70-80% of the world population consumes it. A bibliographic review was carried out in order to describe the effects of coffee consumption on health. For this, accessible scientific articles were located and consulted in the Pubmed and SciELO databases. Original articles, bibliographic reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyzes and clinical trials published in the last five years were mainly used. Coffee consumption has been associated with a lower risk of several chronic diseases. Current evidence does not justify recommending coffee intake for disease prevention, but suggests that in adults without specific health problems, and in non-pregnant women, its moderate consumption can be part of a healthy lifestyle.

Prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de bebidas energéticas en jóvenes de la provincia de Barcelona / Prevalence and associated factors to energy drinks consumption among teenagers in the province of Barcelona (Spain)

Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia del consumo de bebidas energéticas en estudiantes de cuarto curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de la provincia de Barcelona, y su asociación con características sociodemográficas y hábitos de salud. Método: Estudio transversal que incluyó 8078 alumnos de centros educativos, seleccionados aleatoriamente, de 41 municipios de la provincia de Barcelona. Utilizando la Encuesta sobre hábitos relacionados con la salud se recogieron características sociodemográficas y de salud. Variables analizadas: consumo de bebidas energéticas, características sociodemográficas, hábitos de salud y prácticas de riesgo. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y bivariado. Para analizar los factores asociados al consumo de estas bebidas se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística, ajustados por sexo y edad, considerando significativo un valor de p <0,05. Resultados: El 30,9% había consumido bebidas energéticas en la última semana. Según el modelo, el consumo fue mayor en los varones (odds ratio [OR]: 3,29; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 2,82-3,83), migrantes de primera generación (OR: 2,46; IC95%: 2,01-3,03) e hijos de padres sin estudios (OR: 3,15; IC95% 2,08-4,77). No desayunar (OR: 1,53; IC95%: 1,17-2,00), la práctica deportiva (OR: 1,40; IC95%: 1,11-1,75), el consumo habitual de alcohol (OR: 1,51; IC95%: 1,19-1,91) y tabaco (OR: 1,79; IC95%: 1,33-2,41), y un peor rendimiento escolar (OR: 2,21; IC95%: 1,47-3,32) resultaron factores de riesgo. Conclusiones: El uso de bebidas energéticas es frecuente en la población adolescente, con un patrón de consumo que varía según las características sociodemográficas, destacando el papel del sexo y los hábitos de riesgo para la salud. Una mayor evidencia sobre el consumo y sus factores de riesgo permitirá desarrollar estrategias preventivas eficaces. (AU)

Objective: To analyse the prevalence of energy drinks consumption among 4th year high school students in the province of Barcelona (Spain), and its association to sociodemographic characteristics and health related habits. Method: Cross-sectional study including 8078 students from randomly selected high schools in 41 municipalities. Sociodemographic and health characteristics were collected from the Questionnaire on health related habits. Studied variables: energy drinks consumption, sociodemographic characteristics, health related habits and risk behaviours. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. To analyse the factors associated with energy drinks consumption, logistic regression models were used, adjusting by sex and age and considering significance at p-value <0.05. Results: 30.9% of the sample consumed energy drinks during the last week. According to the model, consumption was higher among men (odds ratio [OR]: 3.29; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.82-3.83), first generation migrants (OR: 2.46; 95%CI: 2.01-3.03), and children of parents without studies (OR: 3.15; 95%CI: 2.08-4.77). Not having breakfast (OR: 1.53; 95%CI: 1.17-2.00), practising sport (OR: 1.40; 95%CI: 1.11-1.75), regular alcohol (OR: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.19-1.91) and tobacco (OR: 1.79; 95%CI: 1.33-2.41) consumption, and a worse school performance (OR: 2.21; 95%CI: 1.47-3.32), were also risk factors for energy drinks use. Conclusions: Energy drinks consumption is a prevalent habit among adolescents. Its pattern varies depending on sociodemographic characteristics, with gender playing a relevant role. Health related habits and risk behaviours have been associated too to energy drinks use. Further evidence regarding consumption and its risk factors will allow the development of effective preventive strategies. (AU)

[Prevalence and associated factors to energy drinks consumption among teenagers in the province of Barcelona (Spain)]. / Prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de bebidas energéticas en jóvenes de la provincia de Barcelona.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the prevalence of energy drinks consumption among 4th year high school students in the province of Barcelona (Spain), and its association to sociodemographic characteristics and health related habits. METHOD: Cross-sectional study including 8078 students from randomly selected high schools in 41 municipalities. Sociodemographic and health characteristics were collected from the Questionnaire on health related habits. Studied variables: energy drinks consumption, sociodemographic characteristics, health related habits and risk behaviours. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. To analyse the factors associated with energy drinks consumption, logistic regression models were used, adjusting by sex and age and considering significance at p-value <0.05. RESULTS: 30.9% of the sample consumed energy drinks during the last week. According to the model, consumption was higher among men (odds ratio [OR]: 3.29; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 2.82-3.83), first generation migrants (OR: 2.46; 95%CI: 2.01-3.03), and children of parents without studies (OR: 3.15; 95%CI: 2.08-4.77). Not having breakfast (OR: 1.53; 95%CI: 1.17-2.00), practising sport (OR: 1.40; 95%CI: 1.11-1.75), regular alcohol (OR: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.19-1.91) and tobacco (OR: 1.79; 95%CI: 1.33-2.41) consumption, and a worse school performance (OR: 2.21; 95%CI: 1.47-3.32), were also risk factors for energy drinks use. CONCLUSIONS: Energy drinks consumption is a prevalent habit among adolescents. Its pattern varies depending on sociodemographic characteristics, with gender playing a relevant role. Health related habits and risk behaviours have been associated too to energy drinks use. Further evidence regarding consumption and its risk factors will allow the development of effective preventive strategies.

Representaciones sociales del consumo de bebidas energéticas en estudiantes de enfermería / Social representations of the energy drinks´ consumption in nursing students

Introducción: Las bebidas energéticas o energy drinks son sustancias con alto contenido de cafeína, su efecto estimulante las hace muy populares, sobre todo entre los jóvenes y universitarios, porque les prometen mejorar el rendimiento físico y cognitivo. Sin embargo, el incremento de su consumo puede generar dependencia, efectos tóxicos y letales. Objetivo: Describir las representaciones sociales del consumo de bebidas energéticas en estudiantes del primer semestre de Enfermería de la Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina. Métodos: Investigación de tipo cualitativo, a la luz de las representaciones sociales, con el empleo del método interrogativo. Se desarrolló en tres fases en las que se involucró a la población estudiada y se aplicó la técnica del grupo focal. Se tuvieron en cuenta las consideraciones éticas. Resultados: El núcleo central de la representación social del consumo de bebidas energéticas estuvo asociado a los efectos estimulantes que se generan a nivel del sistema nervioso central: inhibe el cansancio y el sueño y recupera energía. Sin embargo, los estudiantes participantes reconocieron que el abuso en su consumo es peligroso y puede ser letal, sobre todo si se mezcla con alcohol. Conclusiones: Las representaciones sociales del consumo de bebidas energéticas en estudiantes de primer semestre de Enfermería de la Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, del curso 2017, se relacionan con conocimientos generales, con sus efectos y las motivaciones que tienen los estudiantes para consumirlas, porque les permite vivir la intensa vida universitaria y rendir en todos los contextos, social y laboral, de manera exitosa, aun conociendo sus consecuencias indeseables(AU)

Introduction: Energy drinks are substances with high caffeine content; its stimulating effect makes them very popular, especially among young people and university students, because they promise to improve physical performance and cognitive development. However, the increase in their consumption may generate dependency, toxic and deadly effects. Objective: To describe the social representations of the consumption of energy drinks in students of the first semester of Nursing at the University Foundation of the Andean Area. Methods: Qualitative research, in the light of the social representations, using the questioning method. It was developed in three phases involving the population studied and it was applied the focal group´s technique. There were taken into account the ethical considerations. Results: The core of social representation of energy drinks consumption was associated with the stimulant effects that are generated at the level of the central nervous system: they inhibit the tiredness and sleep and recovers energy. However, the students participating admitted that the abuse in energy drinks´ consumption is dangerous and can be lethal, especially if mixed with alcohol. Conclusions: The social representations of energy drinks´ consumption in first semester students of nursing at the University Foundation of the Andean Area, of the course 2017, are related with general knowledge, with their effects and the motivations that students have to consume them, because they allow them to live the intense university life and to have a good performance in all contexts (social and work ones) successfully, even knowing their undesirable consequences(AU)

[Consumption of soft, sports, and energy drinks in adolescents. The BEENIS study]. / Consumo de bebidas refrescantes, deportivas y energéticas en adolescentes. Estudio BEENIS.

INTRODUCTION: The wide range of non-alcoholic drinks are currently grouped as soft (carbonated), sports, and energy drinks, and all of them have a high sugar content, along with their known risk of obesity. Their consumption is increasing and in inadvisable circumstances, as well as an elevated health risk. The real consumption of sports and energy drinks is not well known. OBJECTIVE: To determine the habits and consumption of soft, sports, and energy drinks in adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed in which questionnaires were obtained from 4,769 schoolchildren from 13 to 18years-old from de Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain. RESULTS: The prevalence of consuming soft drinks was observed in 92.9% of the adolescents, and was predominantly done during leisure time, during meals, or any time during the day. In sports it was 61.7%, mainly on practising the sport and in leisure time. In energy drinks, it was 49.2%, mainly in leisure time (they were mixed with alcohol in 49%) and on practising sport. The simultaneous consumption of the three types was 38%, and soft drinks were the most common. DISCUSSION: A description is presented on the consumption of sports drinks, normally included as soft drinks, as well as the simultaneous consumption of the three types of drinks, and the time in which they are consumed. We have a diagnostic tool of consumption of these drinks by adolescents in our setting that will enable us to design and evaluate educational interventions in order to make the adolescent population and their families aware.

Consumption of soft, sports, and energy drinks in adolescents. The BEENIS study.

INTRODUCTION: The wide range of non-alcoholic drinks are currently grouped as soft (carbonated), sports, and energy drinks, and all of them have a high sugar content, along with their known risk of obesity. Their consumption is increasing and in inadvisable circumstances also an elevated health risk. The real consumption of sports and energy drinks is not well known. OBJECTIVE: To determine the habits and consumption of soft, sports, and energy drinks in adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed in which questionnaires were obtained from 4769 schoolchildren from 13-18 years-old from Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain. RESULTS: The prevalence of consuming soft drinks was observed in 92.9% of the adolescents, and was predominantly done during leisure time, during meals, or any time during the day. In sports it was 61.7%, mainly on practising the sport and in leisure time. In energy drinks, it was 49.2%, mainly in leisure time (they were mixed with alcohol in 49%) and on practising sport. The simultaneous consumption of the three types was 38%, and soft drinks were the most common. DISCUSSION: A description is presented on the consumption of sports drinks, normally included as soft drinks, as well as the simultaneous consumption of the three types of drinks, and the time in which they are consumed. We have a diagnostic tool of consumption of these drinks by adolescents in our setting that will enable us to design and evaluate educational interventions in order to make the adolescent population and their families aware.

Efecto agudo de las bebidas energéticas en el rendimiento anaeróbico: un metaanálisis / Acute effect of energy drinks on anaerobic performance: A meta-analysis

Resumen El consumo de bebidas energéticas (BE) ha ido incrementando tanto en estudiantes y personas activas como en deportistas, esto por posible efecto ergogénico. Dichas bebidas contienen, además de calorías, cafeína en combinación con otros ingredientes como taurina, carnitina y vitaminas del complejo B. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto agudo de la ingesta de BE en el rendimiento físico anaeróbico, por medio de la técnica de metaanálisis. La metodología consistió en realizar una búsqueda en cinco bases de datos: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Springer Link, ProQuest y Science Direct. Se seleccionaron los estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad: experimentales, en los que se midiera el rendimiento anaeróbico y donde se suministrara una BE, realizados en seres humanos, que presentaran la estadística descriptiva y estuviesen publicados en idioma español o inglés. Como resultados se incluyeron 15 estudios que generaron 37 tamaños de efecto (TE) y un total de 253 sujetos (hombres y mujeres; 21,73,7 años). Bajo el modelo de efectos aleatorios y un diseño entre grupos se obtuvo un TE global de 0.123 (p = 0.009; IC95% = 0.01 a 0.23; Q = 19.5; p= 0.98; I2 = 0.00%). No se encontró ninguna relación o diferencia en las variables moderadoras. En conclusión, el TE global indica que hay diferencia significativa entre consumir BE o placebo para pruebas anaeróbicas específicas de saltos.

Abstract The consumption of energy drinks (ED) has been increasing in students, active individuals, and athletes due to their probable ergogenic effect. In addition to calories, energy drinks contain caffeine and other ingredients such as taurine, carnitine, and B-complex vitamins. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ED consumption on anaerobic performance using a meta-analytic approach. A literature search was conducted on five electronic database searchers: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Springer Link, ProQuest, and Science Direct. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected, i.e: experimental studies that assessed anaerobic performance using EDs as a treatment in humans, reporting descriptive statistics, and published in English or Spanish. 15 studies representing 37 effect sizes (ES) with a total of 253 participants (male and female: 21.73.7 years old) met the inclusion criteria. Using a random-effects model and a between-group design, an overall 0.123 ES was found (p = 0.009; CI95% = 0.01 to 0.23; Q = 19.5; p= 0.98; I2 = 0.00%). No relationship or difference was found in the moderator variables. In general, the overall ES indicated that there is a significant difference between consuming ED or a placebo for specific anaerobic jump tests.

Resumo O consumo de bebidas energéticas (BE) tem aumentado tanto em estudantes e pessoas ativas quanto em esportistas, devido a possíveis efeito ergogênico. Essas bebidas contêm, além de calorias, cafeína e outros ingredientes como taurina, carnitina e vitaminas do complexo B. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito agudo da ingestão de BE no rendimento físico anaeróbico, por meio da técnica de meta-análises. A metodologia consistiu em realizar uma busca em cinco bases de dados: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Springer Link, ProQuest e Science Direct. Foram selecionados os estudos que cumpriram os critérios de elegibilidade, ou seja, experimentais, nos que fosse medido o rendimento anaeróbico e onde fosse administrada uma BE, realizados em seres humanos, que apresentassem a estadística descritiva e estivessem publicados em espanhol ou inglês. Como resultados foram incluídos 15 estudos que geraram 37 tamanhos do efeito (TE) e um total de 253 sujeitos (homens e mulheres; 21,73,7 anos). Sob o modelo de efeitos aleatórios e um desenho entre grupos obteve-se um TE global de 0,123 (p = 0,009; IC95% = 0,01 a 0,23; Q = 19,5; p= 0,98; I2 = 0,00%). Não foi encontrada nenhuma relação ou diferença nas variáveis moderadoras. Em conclusão, o TE global indica que existe diferença significativa entre consumir BE ou placebo para provas anaeróbicas específicas de saltos.

Consumo de bebidas energizantes en una población de escolares de Bogotá, Colombia / Consumption of energy drinks among students of Bogotá, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el patrón de consumo de bebidas energizantes en una muestra de estudiantes de dos colegios públicos y dos privados de Bogotá. Método Se realizó un estudio transversal. Se incluyeron 671 escolares de 10 a 20 años. Se analizaron las medidas antropométricas y la encuesta de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos a través de un cuestionario autoaplicado. Resultados El 80% tenía IMC normal, 12,4% de sobrepeso, 3,6% de obesidad. No hay asociación entre el IMC y el consumo de bebidas energéticas (p=0,514). El consumo de bebidas energéticas por parte de los estudiantes se asocia con el ejercicio físico (p=0,01) y el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas (p=0,000). Conclusiones El consumo de bebidas energizantes está asociado con el ejercicio físico y el consumo de alcohol. Los hallazgos demuestran la importancia de establecer campañas educativas destinadas a informar sobre los peligros de ingerir estas bebidas e incluso el mezclarlas con alcohol etílico.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the pattern of energy drinks consumption in a sample of students from two public and two private schools of Bogotá. Materials and Methods Cross-sectional study in a population of 671 students aged 10 to 20 years. Anthropometric measurements and a food consumption frequency survey were analyzed through a self-applied questionnaire. Results 80% had normal Body Mass Index (BMI), 12.4% were overweight and 3.6% were obese. No association between BMI and energy drinks consumption was observed (p=0.514). Energy drinks consumed by students is associated with physical activity (p=0.01) and alcohol intake (p=0.000). Conclusions The consumption of energy drinks is associated to physical exercise and alcohol intake. The findings show the importance of establishing educational campaigns to inform about the dangers of ingesting energy drinks and mixing them with ethyl alcohol.(AU)

Erosive potential of sports beverages on human enamel "in vitro" / Potencial erosivo de bebidas esportivas no esmalte humano "in vitro" / Potencial erosivo de bebidas deportivas en el esmalte humano "in vitro"

INTRODUCTION: The low pH of sports drinks may cause tooth enamel demineralization. Objective: To measure Vickers hardness of human enamel exposed to sports drinks. METHODS: Human molars were used to collect the enamel samples. Each sample had a test surface (exposed to the drinks) and a control surface (unexposed). The samples were exposed to isotonic drinks Gatorade and Powerade, and to maltodextrin drinks Malto Advanced and Malto Active, for 10 minutes every 12 hours over 30 days. The Vickers microhardness test was conducted with three indentations on each surface. The mean of the indentations within each group was considered in the statistical analysis. Sports drinks variables were analyzed with ANOVA/Tukey (p≤0.01). The independent t-test was used in the comparison between the control and test surfaces of each drink (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: Enamel exposure to Gatorade (p = 0.000) Malto Advanced (p = 0.000) and Malto Active (p = 0.000) was seen to significantly reduce microhardness, while the isotonic drink Powerade had no significant effect on enamel (p = 0.248). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that with the exception of the isotonic drink Powerade, all the sports drinks tested caused a reduction in the microhardness of human enamel. Evidence Level III; Therapeutic studies - Investigating the Results of Treatment.

INTRODUÇÃO: O baixo pH de bebidas esportivas pode promover perda mineral do esmalte dental. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a microdureza Vickers do esmalte humano exposto a bebidas esportivas. MÉTODOS: Dentes molares humanos foram usados para coletar as amostras de esmalte. Cada amostra apresentou uma superfície de teste (exposta às bebidas) e uma superfície de controle (não exposta). As amostras foram expostas aos isotônicos Gatorade e Powerade e às maltodextrinas Advanced Series e Malto Active durante 10 minutos de 12/12 horas, durante 30 dias. O teste de microdureza Vickers foi realizado com três indentações em cada superfície. Na análise estatística, foi considerada a média das indentações dentro de cada grupo. As variáveis bebidas esportivas foram avaliadas com ANOVA/Tukey (p ≤ 0,01). Na comparação entre a superfície controle e teste de cada bebida foi utilizado o Teste t para amostras independentes (p ≤ 0,05). RESULTADO: Observou-se que a exposição do esmalte a Gatorade (p = 0,000), Malto Advanced (p = 0,000) e Malto Active (p = 0,000) reduz significativamente a microdureza, enquanto que o isotônico Powerade não produziu efeito significativo sobre o esmalte (p = 0,248). CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que com exceção do isotônico Powerade, todas as bebidas esportivas testadas provocaram redução na microdureza do esmalte dental humano. Nível de Evidência III; Estudos terapêuticos ­ investiga o resultado de um tratamento.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El bajo pH de bebidas deportivas puede favorecer la pérdida mineral del esmalte dental. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el esmalte dureza Vickers humano expuesto a las bebidas deportivas. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron los dientes molares para la toma de las muestras de esmalte. Cada muestra tenía una superficie de prueba (expuestos a las bebidas) y una superficie de control (no ex-puesta). Las muestras fueron expuestas en isotónica Gatorade y Powerade, y maltodextrinas, y la serie Advanced activo Malto durante 10 minutos 12/12 horas durante 30 días. La prueba de dureza Vickers se realizó con tres muescas en cada superficie. El análisis estadístico fue la media de las muescas dentro de cada grupo. variables de bebidas deportivas se analizaron con ANOVA / Tukey (p≤0,01). La comparación entre la superficie de control y prueba de cada bebida se utilizó la prueba t para muestras independientes (p ≤ 0,05). RESULTADOS: Se observó que la exposición del esmalte Gatorade (p = 0,000) Malto avanzada (p = 0,000) y Malto activo (p = 0,000) reduce significativamente la dureza, mientras que Powerade isotónica ningún efecto significativo sobre el esmalte (p = 0,248). CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye que con la excepción de Powerade isotónica, todas las bebidas deportivas probados causó una reducción en la dureza del esmalte humano. Nivel de Evidencia; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamento.

Consumo de bebidas alcoólicas em binge por adolescentes e fatores associados: um estudo exploratório / Binge drinking by adolescents and associated factors: exploratory study

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas em binge por adolescentes e sua associação com o consumo de energéticos, consumo em binge por pais e melhor amigo, condições socioeconômicas, religiosidade e capital social. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório realizado entre em Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, com uma amostra de adolescentes matriculados do 5º ao 7º ano em sete escolas públicas. Formulário contendo questões socioeconômicas foi enviado aos responsáveis. Os estudantes preencheram o teste para identificação de problemas relacionados ao uso do álcool (AUDIT-C), questionário Capital Social para Adolescentes (QCS-AE), questões sobre o consumo de energéticos e de bebidas alcoólicas pelos pais e pelo melhor amigo. Foram realizadas analise descritiva, teste Qui-quadrado, teste Exato de Fisher e regressão logística univariada e multivariada (p<0,05; IC 95%). Dos 226 participantes, 53,1% eram do sexo feminino e 55,8% tinham entre 12-16 anos. A frequência do consumo em binge no último mês foi de 12,8% e do consumo de energéticos de 23,9%. Adolescentes que consumiram energéticos no último mês (OR:3,475; 95% IC: 1,351-8,937; p=0,010), e cujas mães consumiram álcool em binge (OR:3,315; 95% IC:1,318-8,338; p=0,011) apresentaram maior probabilidade de consumo do álcool em binge. O capital social e a religiosidade não foram associados ao consumo do álcool em binge dos adolescentes. Concluiu-se que o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas em binge pelos adolescentes esteve associado ao consumo de energéticos e ao consumo em binge pela mãe.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of binge drinking by adolescents and its association with energy drinks, binge drinking by parents and best friend, socioeconomic conditions, religiosity and social capital. This is an exploratory study conducted in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, with a sample of adolescents enrolled in grades 5 to 7 in seven public schools. Questions about socioeconomic conditions were sent to the parents. The students completed the test to identify problems related to alcohol use (AUDIT-C), Social Capital for Adolescents questionnaire (QCSAE), questions about energy drinks and binge drinking by parents and best friend. Descriptive analysis, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and univariate and multivariate logistic regression (p <0.05, 95% CI) were performed. Of the 22participants, 53.1% were female and 55.8% were 12-16 years old. The frequency of binge drinking in the last month was 12.8% and energy drinks was 23.9%. Adolescents who consumed energy drinks in the last month (OR: 3.475, 95% CI: 1.351-8.937, p = 0.010), and whose mothers drunken (OR: 3.315; 95% CI: 1.318- 8.338; p = 0.011) showed greater alcohol consumption . Social capital and religiosity were not associated with alcohol consumption between the adolescents. The conclusion was that the binge drinking by the adolescents was associated with the consumption of energy drinks and mother's binge drinking.

Efectos médicos del consumo de bebidas energéticas: revisión de la literatura / Medical and dental effects of energy drinks consumption: literature review

El consumo de bebidas energéticas ha mostrado alzas exponenciales en los últimos años a nivel mundial, tanto en adultos, jóvenes, e incluso niños. Dentro de sus componentes es posible encontrar: cafeína, guaraná, taurina, ging-seng, L-carnitina, creatina o glucoronolactona, ácido cítrico y ácido fosfórico, entre otros. Un consumo responsable y ocasional no debería presentar mayores problemas, pero esto no ocurre. Los efectos médicos provocados por su consumo indiscriminado son: cefaleas, palpitaciones, insomnio, sudoración, dolor abdominal, vómitos, náuseas, reflujo gastroesofágico, parestesias faciales, meteorismo, tremor, diarrea e incluso adicción, entre otros. Mientras que a nivel odontológico, específicamente sobre el esmalte dental, el efecto más severo y de mayor impacto es la erosión y en menor medida la tinción dental, temática que aún no ha sido investigada a cabalidad, también se ha descrito el desarrollo de hipersensibilidad. Una oportuna prevención y diagnóstico, son fundamentales para minimizar los daños provocados por el prolongado consumo de éstos productos. También se hace indispensable evitar una posible tendencia o "moda" asociada a la mezcla de bebidas energéticas y bebidas alcohólicas e incluso con fármacos, de la cual no se conocen en profundidad los posibles riesgos que podrían llegar a ocasionar. El alto consumo de bebidas energéticas mantenido en el tiempo se asocia con efectos negativos a nivel médico y odontológico. Se hace necesario seguir investigando para prevenir, tratar y rehabilitar las consecuencias que produce el consumo de estos productos

The energy drinks have undergone exponential hikes over the last years worldwide, in adults, youth, and even children. Among its components can be found: caffeine, guarana, taurine, ging-Seng, L-carnitine, creatinine or glucuronolactone, citric acid and phosphoric acid, among others. A responsible and occasional consumption should not pose major problems, but this is not the case. The medical effects are usually caused by their abuse, like: headaches, palpitations, insomnia, sweating, abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, gastroesophageal reflux, facial numbness, bloating, tremor, diarrhea and even addiction, among others. While in the dental level, specifically on the dental enamel, the most severe impact is the erosion and the lesser impact is tooth staining, which has not yet been fully investi-gated, also have been described the development of hypersensitivity. A timely prevention and diagnosis are essential to minimize the damage caused by prolonged use of these products. It is essential to avoid a possible trend or "fad" associated with mixing energy drinks and alcohol and even drugs, of which they are not fully known the possible risks that could potentially cause. Due to its exponential growth it is essential to have an updated knowledge about the consumption of these beverages. The high consump-tion of energy drinks maintained over time is associated with negative effects at the medical and dental level. Further research is necessary to prevent, treat and rehabilitate the consequences produced by the consumption of these products

A ingestão aguda de bebida energética aumenta o desempenho em exercícios resistidos / The acute energy drink intake improve performance in resistance exercises

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência aguda da ingestão da bebida energética que contem cafeína (BE) sobre o desempenho na execução de exercícios resistidos para membros superiores e inferiores. A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi analisada como variável complementar. Participaram do estudo 15 indivíduos (9 homens e 6 mulheres: 21,6 ± 0,5 anos; 171,1 ± 2,3 cm e 66,1 ± 2,6 kg), saudáveis e treinados. Em um delineamento duplo-cego, cruzado e aleatorizado, os indivíduos realizaram duas sessões experimentais (com intervalo mínimo de 48h) nos exercícios de extensão de joelhos e supino articulado (75% 1RM até a exaustão, 3 séries, 90 s de intervalo entre as séries, 3 min de intervalo entre os exercícios). Em um dia a amostra ingeriu BE (2,5 mg de cafeína por kg de peso corporal) ou placebo 60 min antes do treinamento. As bebidas foram equalizadas pela quantidade calórica. A FC foi medida em repouso, 60 min após a ingestão e ao fim de cada série de cada exercício. Os resultados mostraram que a ingestão de BE proporcionou maior quantidade total de repetições em relação ao placebo no supino (27,3±2,8 vs 23,9±3,0; P=0,03) e na extensão de joelhos (36,0±2,2 vs 33,8±2,1; P=0,02). A FC ficou mais elevada após a ingestão de BE (P<0,05), tanto antes dos exercícios quanto ao final de cada uma das séries realizadas. Em conclusão, a ingestão de BE melhora o desempenho de exercícios até a exaustão de membros superiores e inferiores, acompanhado de um aumento significativo na FC...(AU)

The purpose of this study was verify the acute influence of caffeine-containing energy drinks (ED) on resistance exercises performance. Heart rate (HR) was include as additional variable. In a double-blind cross-over randomized design, fifteen healthy and trained subjects (9 males; 6 females: 21.6 ± 0.5 yrs; 171.1 ± 2.3 cm; 66.1 ± 2.6 kg) performed two experimental sessions (48h of minimum interval) in knee extension and chest-press (75% 1RM until fatigue, 3 sets, 90 s of rest interval between sets, 3 min of rest interval between exercises). In one day, the subjects intake ED (2.5 mg of caffeine per body mass kg) or placebo 60 min before the exercises. The beverages were equalized by calories amount. The HR was measured during the rest, 60 min after the beverages intake and at the end of each exercise sets. The results showed that ED intake improved the amount of repetitions in relation to placebo in chest-press (27.3±2.8 vs 23.9±3.0; P=0.03) and knee extension (36.0±2.2 vs 33.8±2.1; P=0.02). The HR was higher after ED intake than placebo (P<0,05) before and after each exercise sets. In conclusion, ED intake improve the resistance exercises performance until exhaustion with increase in HR....(AU)

Consumo de Estimulantes Cerebrais por Estudantes de Medicina de uma Universidade do Extremo Sul do Brasil: Prevalência, Motivação e Efeitos Percebidos / The Consumption of Brain Stimulants by Medical Students at a University in Southern Brazil: Prevalence, Motivation, and Perceived Effects

RESUMO Introdução Substâncias psicoestimulantes são aquelas com capacidade de aumentar o estado de alerta e a motivação, além de possuírem propriedades antidepressivas, de melhora no humor e no desempenho cognitivo. Por esse motivo, muitos estudantes fazem consumo indiscriminado dessas substâncias. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o uso de substâncias estimulantes do sistema nervoso central pelos estudantes de graduação em Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – Furg (RS), verificando as substâncias mais utilizadas, os motivos de uso e o perfil dos usuários. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo observacional do tipo transversal com 200 estudantes de graduação em Medicina da Furg, matriculados nessa instituição no segundo semestre de 2015. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário padronizado e de autopreenchimento, com questões demográficas, comportamentais e sobre o uso de estimulantes. Foram coletadas informações acerca do consumo de cafeína, metilfenidato (Ritalina®), modafinil, piracetam, bebidas energéticas, anfetaminas e MDMA (ecstasy). Os dados foram analisados pelo teste exato de Fisher no pacote estatístico Stata 11.2. Resultados A prevalência de uso de substâncias estimulantes na vida foi de 57,5% (IC95% 50,9 a 64,4), sendo que 51,3% destes começaram a usá-las durante a faculdade. O uso de psicoestimulantes no momento da pesquisa teve prevalência de 52,3% (IC95% 45,3 a 59,3), valendo destacar que 16,6% dos estudantes consumiam mais de uma substância psicoestimulante. As substâncias mais consumidas foram bebidas energéticas (38,0%) e cafeína mais de cinco vezes por semana (27,0%). O consumo de estimulantes foi maior entre os estudantes das séries iniciais do curso. Os principais motivos alegados para o consumo de estimulantes foram compensar a privação de sono (47,4%) e melhorar raciocínio, atenção e/ou memória (31,6%). Em relação aos efeitos percebidos com o uso de estimulantes, 81,2% relataram redução do sono, 70,8% perceberam melhora na concentração, 58,0%, 56,1% e 54,0% reportaram, respectivamente, redução da fadiga, melhora no raciocínio e melhora do bem-estar. Conclusões O consumo de estimulantes entre os estudantes de Medicina foi elevado. Mais da metade dos estudantes relataram consumir psicoestimulantes, e um em cada três destes usou para melhorar o desempenho cognitivo. O uso dessas substâncias foi considerado eficaz pela maioria dos usuários, o que pode dificultar o combate a esse consumo.

ABSTRACT Introduction Psychostimulants are substances with the capacity to heighten alertness and motivation, also featuring antidepressant proprieties improving mood and cognitive performance. For this reason, many students use these substances indiscriminately. The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of substances stimulating the central nervous system by medical students at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (Furg), Brazil, verifying the most commonly used substances, the reason for use, and the user’s profile. Methods A quantitative, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 of Furg’s medical students enrolled at the institution in the second semester of 2015. Data collection was conducted by means of a standardized and auto-fill questionnaire, featuring questions on demographics, behavior and stimulant use. Information about the consumption of caffeine, methylphenidate, modafinil, piracetam, energy drinks, amphetamines, and MDMA was collected, with the results analyzed by means of the Fisher’s exact test on statistics program Stata 11.2. Results The prevalence of stimulant substance usage at some point in the students’ lives was 57.5% (95% CI 50.9 to 64.4), with 51.3% having started during college. Usage of psycho stimulants at the time of the research was 52.3% (95% CI 45.3 to 59.3), with 16.6% of the students consuming more than one psycho stimulant substance. The most popular substances were energy drinks (38%) and caffeine, consumed more than five times a week (27%). The consumption of stimulants was higher among students in the earlier stages of the degree. The main reasons given by the students were to compensate for sleep deprivation (47.7%) and to improve reasoning, attention, and/or memory (31.6%). Perceived effects of the stimulant use saw 81.2% reporting sleep reduction, 70.8% concentration improvement, 58.0% fatigue reduction, 56.1% improved reasoning abilities, and 54.0% heightened wellbeing. Conclusions Stimulant consumption among medical students was high. More than half of the students reported consuming psycho stimulants and one in three of them used them to improve cognitive performance. The use of these substances was considered effective by most of the users, which may hamper the fight against these substances.

Síndrome de burnout en estudiantes de medicina: frecuencia, características y factores asociados / Burnout syndrome in medical students: frequency, characteristics and associated factors

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia, características y los factores que están asociados ante el síndrome de burnout (SB) en estudiantes de medicina. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal analítico. Se encuestaron a 583 estudiantes de medicina que cursaban las ciencias clínicas y realizaban rotaciones hospitalarias en los departamentos de Lima, Ica, Junín, Lambayeque y Ucayali. El SB se evaluó a través del Maslach Burnout Inventory en su versión validada en español así mismo las características sociodemográficas que fueron incluidas en el instrumento Resultados: se encontró que 50,6% eran varones, el 16,5%, 47,7% y 35,3% de los estudiantes indicaron tener agotamiento emocional, despersonalización severa y realización personal baja, respectivamente. Se halló asociación significativa entre tener SB y sobrepeso (razón de prevalencias [RP]= 1,57; intervalo de confianza al 95% [IC95%]= 1,14 - 2,14), ser obeso (RP= 2,68; IC95%= 1,75 - 4,11), padecer una enfermedad crónica (RP= 1,84; IC95%= 1,38 - 2,45), fumar (RP= 1,41; IC95%= 1,76- 2,28) ingerir bebidas alcohólicas (RP= 1,46; IC95%= 1,10 - 1,95) y proceder de una universidad de provincia (RP= 1,20; IC95%= 1,05 - 1,36). Conclusión: el SB se presentó en aquellos quienes padecían de alguna enfermedad crónica, fumaban, ingerían bebidas alcohólicas y procedían de una universidad de provincia.

Objective: To determine the frequency, characteristics and associated factors with the Burnout Syndrome (BS) inmedical students. Material and methods: this is a cross-sectional study. Five-hundred and eighty three (583) medicalstudents doing clinical sciences courses having hospital training periods in Lima, Ica, Jun¡n, Lambayeque and Ucayaliwere surveyed. The presence of BS was determined using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) in its validated Spanishversion, and also the socio-demographic characteristics included in the instrument. Results: gender distributionwas similar (50.6% were male), also 16.5%, 47.7% and 35.3% of the students reported having emotional exhaustion,severe depersonalization and low personal accomplishments, respectively, as defined by the MBI. Also, a significantassociation was found between BS and being overweight (Prevalence ratio [PR]= 1.57; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]=1.14 to 2.14); obese (PR= 2.68; 95% CI= 1.75 to 4.11), having chronic disease (PR= 1.84; 95% CI= 1.38 to 2.45), smoking(PR= 1.41; 95% CI= 1.76 to 2.28) drinking alcohol (PR= 1.46; 95% CI= 1.10 to 1.95) and studying in a province university(PR= 1.20; 95% CI= 1.05 to 1.36). Conclusion: BS occurs in those who suffer from a chronic illness, smoke, drink alcohol,and study in a province university.

Evaluación de sobredentaduras mandibulares implanto-retenidas confeccionadas con técnica Rehabilitación Oral M/Prótesis, Facultad Odontología, Universidad de Concepción, en pacientes del Servicio Salud Bío-Bío / Evaluation of mandibular overdenture implant retained made with Oral Rehabilitation Prosthetic mention Technique from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Concepción, in patients Health Service Bío Bío

Los servicios asistenciales revelan interés por establecer protocolos de rehabilitación con sobredentaduras mandibulares retenidas a implantes, pero necesitan respaldo científico evaluado con instrumentos confiables. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar un modelo-protocolo de rehabilitación con sobredentaduras implanto retenidas para servicios públicos, por medio de test de rendimiento masticatorio, valores de retención y valoración de la satisfacción terapéutica obtenidos con las prótesis mandibulares implanto-retenidas. Materiales y métodos: Este trabajo fue realizado entre la Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Concepción (FAO-UDEC) y el Servicio de Salud Bío Bío (SS-BÍO-BÍO). Catorce pacientes fueron seleccionados, usuarios del SS-BÍO-BÍO, y recibieron sobredentaduras implanto-retenidas confeccionadas con protocolo del programa Rehabilitación Oral mención Prótesis (ROMPE. FAO-UDEC). Dos Implantes Neodent (3,75 × 11 y 13 mm) por paciente fueron instalados y conectados con carga temprana. Antes y después de instalar y conectar los implantes se evaluó: la satisfacción terapéutica con encuesta Programa ROMPE.FAO-UDEC, la retención con dinamómetro Force Gauge y el rendimiento masticatorio con test tamizado de maní. Los datos fueron procesados con programa SPSS 16.0 con test Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t-test para muestras relacionadas. Significación estadística p < 0,05. Resultados: La eficiencia masticatoria aumenta de forma significativa después de la conexión de los implantes. La satisfacción terapéutica con las prótesis y la resistencia a la tracción son altamente significativas posterior a la conexión de ellas. Conclusiones: Estos resultados son coincidentes con la gran mayoría de estudios publicados, y permiten sostener científicamente que el protocolo de confección de sobredentaduras ROMPE FAO-UDEC y SS-BÍO-BÍO es una alternativa confiable.

Health care services show interest in establishing rehabilitation protocols with mandibular overdentures retained on two implants, but they require scientific evidence evaluated with reliable instruments. Objective: To evaluate masticatory performance, retention and therapeutic satisfaction of patientswith a model rehabilitation protocol for implant-retained overdentures. Materials and methods: This study was conducted between the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Concepción (FAO UDEC) and Bío Bío Health Service(SS-Bío Bio). Fourteen patients, selected users of Bío Bío Health Service, Los Angeles, received implant-overdentures using a protocol of the Oral Rehabilitation Prosthesis Program (ROMPE FAO UDEC). Two Neodent™ implants (3.75 × 11 and 13 mm) were installed in each patient and connected with early loading. Before and after installing and connecting the implants, (0, 30 and 60 days), therapeutic satisfaction was assessed using the ROMPE FAO UDEC graduate program questionnaire. Retention was measured with a Force Gauge Dynamometer, and masticatory performance was quantified with a peanut screening test. Data were processed with SPSS 16.0 program and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and t- test were used. Significance was set at P < .05. Results: Masticatory efficiency significantly increases after connectingthe implants. Therapeutic satisfaction with the prosthesis and the tensile strength are highly significant. Conclusions: These results coincide with the vast majority of published studies. It can be scientifically argued that the ROMPE FAO UDEC, SS Bío Bío overdenture protocol is a reliable alternative.